Spinning

Spinning

It is very difficult to accurately determine the historical period in which man first began to spin fibers into yarn. We can understand this from archaeological evidence; this special skill was practiced well at least 8,000 years ago. Definitely weaving spun yarns was developed around 6000 BC, the approximate time around which the Neolithic man began to settle in permanent housing and to farm and to domesticate animals.

We can safely assume and guess that early humans would have twisted a few fibers from a wick of wool into short lengths of yarn, then tie them together to make longer lengths. We call these yarns as staple yarns, since the fibers used are generally known as staple fibers. It is possible that yarn production was done by a set of two people working together as a team where one cleaned and spun the wool, the other wound balled yarn. As the various textile skills developed, the idea of ​​continuous spinning knotless lengths would have led them to use a stick, perhaps first to wind the thread then twisting and rolling longer lengths, replacing the manufacture of knotted short lengths together and requiring only one operator. This method of spinning a yarn using a pendant the spindle or whorl was first developed as a craft and over time it was widely practiced for the transformation of animal and plant fibers.

 The simple spindle spinning technique remained the only method of making yarn for a long duration. Around 1300AD, the first spinning wheel was invented and developed in Europe which has been described as a "great wheel" or a "one-thread wheel". The mechanization of spinning took place from 1738 to 1825 to respond to the enormous growth of the demand for yarn resulting from the then dramatic increase in weaving production rate with the invention of the flying shuttle.

Great Wheel Spinning

Flying Shuttle

Roller pairs have been used reduce the mass of fibers into a fine ribbon to be twisted (Lewis Paul; 1738); the spindles were grouped together on a chassis (Frame) to be operated by a single power source the "water frame" (Richard Arkwright; 1769), the ‘spinning jenny’ (James Hargreaves; 1764-1770) and the "mule" (Samuel Crompton) followed by Roberts ‘self acting mule’ (1825).

Water Frame

Spinning Jenny

Spinning Mule

Self Acting Mule

In 1830, a new method of twist insertion, known as cap spinning, was invented in the United States by Danforth. In the early 1960s this was replaced by ring and traveller, or ring spinning, which, despite other subsequent later inventions, has remained the primary method of trade and is now an almost fully automated yarn spinning process.

Ring Spinning

The long lessons of history show how a nation's prosperity varies with business activities of its people. The course of prosperity has always been bumpy and there are great dangers in extrapolating the future on the basis of the short-term past. Successive centuries have seen fundamental changes of various kinds in different parts of the world. Greenwood describes the different stages or processes related to yarns and textiles during the first two millennia. This was emphasized that the extraordinary fine textile materials that were made by craftsmen. Mankind has always tried to develop and manufacture machines to do the laborious work and repetitive tasks of textile manufacturing by machines. Some of these developments have improved the productivity of textile manufacturing systems and reduced textile costs manufacturing over the centuries. The 18th century saw the financial revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution in the 19th and 20th centuries paved the way for the information revolution.

Historical evidence of mankind has many references to textile materials because they were and still are part of the fabric of human life. Therefore, the history of fibers is one of the easily traceable yarns in the history of yarn making. The second thread of history has recorded the extraordinary developments that had taken place during the period of the industrial Revolution. There have been huge strides in improving the productivity of both people and machines, especially in the textile industry. The list below shows the details most important developments.

History has enough clues to make us think that the most important factor for success is to recognize growing markets and plan accordingly. It has been observed that the mechanics inventions had a relatively small effect on overall competitive position. other techniques, such as telecommunications and computing, are bound to have a greater effect. Nevertheless, the need to operate a plant in the most economical way is always a very important consideration, and productivity machines are to be used for large facilities in the textile industry. in addition to this, there is a great need to produce consistent quality products that will satisfy the market requirements. This is made possible by the introduction of quality control systems, which have become even more sophisticated.. Ultimately, the cost and quality of the product must be carefully balanced for each market in order to achieve a competitive position without which the business will fail.

Today, spinning or yarn production is a very advanced technology that allows the engineering of different yarn structures having specifically desired properties suitable for particular end-use applications. End uses cover a wide range from everyday wear, home textiles, carpets, sportswear, and fabrics for automotive interior, aerospace, and medical and healthcare applications. A detailed understand how fiber properties and machine settings are used to produce yarn appropriate property structures is therefore an important goal in the study of yarns manufacturing technology.

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